Timeline: Lebanon in economic, political dire straits

Lebanon for more than three years has been mired in a deep financial, economic and social crisis, aggravated by a political deadlock.

Here is a recap since turmoil broke out in October 2019.

- Protests erupt -

Mass protests follow a government announcement on October 17, 2019 of a planned tax on voice calls made over messaging services such as WhatsApp.

In a graft-plagued country with poor public services, many see the tax as the last straw, with demonstrators demanding "the fall of the regime".

The government of prime minister Saad Hariri scraps the tax the same day.

But protests continue over the ensuing weeks, culminating in demonstrations calling for the overhaul of a ruling class in place for decades and accused of systemic corruption.

Hariri's government resigns in late October.

- First default -

Lebanon, with a $92 billion debt burden equivalent to nearly 170 percent of its gross domestic product, announces in March 2020 that it will default on a payment for the first time in its history.

In April, after three nights of violent clashes, then-prime minister Hassan Diab says Lebanon will seek International Monetary Fund help after the government approves an economic rescue plan.

But talks with the IMF quickly collapse.

- Catastrophic blast -

A massive explosion on August 4, 2020 at Beirut port devastates entire neighbourhoods of the capital, kills more than 200 people and injures at least 6,500.

Revelations that the pile of volatile ammonium nitrate that caused one of the biggest non-nuclear explosions ever recorded had been left unsecured in a warehouse for six years, further enraging the Lebanese public.

- Political impasse -

Diab's government resigns in the wake of the blast, a little more than seven months after taking office.

Diplomat Mustapha Adib is named new premier but bows out after less than a month, and Hariri, who already served as prime minister three times, is named in October.

- One of worst crises -

Amid runaway inflation, authorities announce in February 2021 that bread prices will rise further.

In June, the World Bank says Lebanon's economic collapse is likely to rank among the world's worst financial crises since the mid-19th century.

- New government -

After nine months of political negotiations, Hariri steps aside on July 15 saying he is unable to form a government.

Billionaire Najib Mikati, Lebanon's richest man and already twice prime minister, forms a new government on September 10 after a 13-month vacuum.

- Bloody clashes -

But the new government is shaken by demands from the powerful Hezbollah movement for the judge investigating the Beirut blast to be removed on grounds of political bias.

Tensions come to a boil on October 14 when a shootout kills seven people following a rally by Hezbollah and its ally Amal demanding Tarek Bitar's dismissal.

- Accord with IMF -

On January 24, 2022 the IMF launches talks with Lebanese officials.

Mikati's government meets for the first time after months of negotiations between rival factions.

On February 11 the IMF calls for fiscal reforms to ensure Lebanon can manage its debt load as well as measures to establish a "credible" currency system.

On April 7, the lender says it has reached a staff-level agreement to provide Lebanon with $3 billion in aid over four years.

Hezbollah and its allies lose their parliamentary majority in May 15 legislative elections. Mikati is appointed on June 23 to form a new government. He has not yet succeeded.

- Leaderless -

Political deadlock deepens on October 31 when Aoun's mandate expires without a successor in place. The divided parliament has met 10 times in a bid to appoint a new president but each attempt has failed.

In an interview published on Friday, French President Emmanuel Macron calls on Lebanon to "get rid" of its entrenched political leadership who have blocked reforms vital to saving the bankrupt economy.